INTRODUCTION:

INTRODUCTION:

Who is the founder of anatomy?

• Hippocrates

Different stages of life.

Life before Birth:

• Ovum:

  • Fertilization to end of 1st week

• Embryo:

  • 2nd to 8th week

• Fetus:

  • 3rd month till birth

Life after Birth

• Neonate:

  • Birth to 1 month

• Infant:

  • Up to 1 year

• Toddler:

  • Up to 2 1/2 years

• Preschool child:

  • 2 ½ to 6 years

• Latency (School age):

  • 7-11 years

• Adolescence:

  • 11-20 years

    • Early adolescence- 11-14 years

    • Middle adolescence- 14-17 years

    • Late adolescence- 17-20

• Early adulthood:

  • 20-40 years

• Middle adulthood:

  • 40-65 years

• Late adulthood (old age):

  • 65 years +

DEFINITIONS

Anatomy:

• Consideration of various structures which make up the human body

• Greek word that means "to cut up" or "to dissect"

• Structure can be investigated by:

  • Dissection

  • Miscodissection

  • Light microscopy

  • Electron microscopy

  • Radiology etc etc.

Divisions of Anatomy:

• Systematic Anatomy:

  • Anatomy of various structures studied system-wise

• Topographic (Regional) Anatomy:

  • Anatomy of various structures as they in relation to one another in different regions of body

• Surface Anatomy:

  • Identification of various structures in the living person by inspection and palpation

  • OR anatomy as it occurs on and projects to the external surface of the body

• Radiologic (radiographic) anatomy:

  • Study of the structure of the body with the help of imaging techniques

• Cross-sectional Anatomy:

  • Study of the structure of the body with the help of cross-sections of various regions

  • anatomy viewed in the transverse (horizontal) plane of the body

• Neuroanatomy:

  • Study of nervous system

• Developmental anatomy:

  • Study of the biological processes that extend from fertilization to the formation of the adult anatomy.

• Embryology:

  • Study of various changes in developing organism from fertilization of ovum up to the birth

• Gross (macroscopic) anatomy:

  • Study of anatomy with the unaided eye

• Histology (microscopic anatomy):

  • Study of different tissues by various scientific methods using magnification

• Cytology:

  • Study of different type of cells by various biological methods

• Comparative Anatomy:

  • Study of anatomy of different species when compared to one another

• Applied Anatomy:

  • Application of the facts of human anatomy to clinical sciences

• Teratology:

  • Study of developmental abnormalities

• Phylogeny:

  • Evolutionary history of the group to which the organism belongs

• Statistical Anatomy:

  • Study of facts and figures (data) on variations in measurements, structures and relationships of different parts of human body

• Anthropology:

  • Study of mankind

    • Physical: external features and measurements of different races & study of prehistoric remains

    • Racial: percentage difference in form and arrangement of structures among different races

Divisions of Systematic Anatomy:

• Osteology:

  • Study of skeletal system (bones cartilages, associated membrances)

• Arthrology:

  • Study of articular system (joints)

• Myology:

  • Study of muscular system (muscles, fasciae, tendons, synovial sheaths and bursae)

[Locomotor apparatus: skeletal, articular and muscular system]

• Angiology:

  • Study of heart, blood vessels, lymphatics, lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues

• Neurology:

  • Study of nervous system including:

    • Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)

    • Peripheral nervous system: (peripheral nerves and their ganglia)

    • Autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympethetic nerves and ganglia)

    • Organs of special senses (eye, ear, nose, tongue)

• Splanchnology:

  • Study of visceral systems except cardiovascular and lympathic systems

    • Respiratory system

    • Digestive system

    • Urinary system

    • Genital system

    • Endocrine system

Divisions of Regional Anatomy

• Head & Neck

• Trunk:

  • Thorax

  • Abdomen

  • Pelvis

• Limbs

  • Upper

  • Lower

• Brain

Anatomical position

• Standing erect

• Eyes looking forward to the horizon

• Arms by the side

• Palms and toes pointing forwards

Planes of the body:

• Medial plane:

  • vertical antero-posterior plane diving the body into right and left halves

• Saggital (paramedian) plane:

  • any vertical antero-posterior plane parallel to the median plane

• Coronal plane:

  • any vertical plane which lies at right angle to the saggital plane

• Transverse (horizontal) plane:

  • any plane at right angle to the above two planes

• Oblique plane:

  • at any other angle

Terms of Relationship

• Anterior:

  • near the front surface of the body

• Posterior:

  • near the back surface of the body

• Superior:

  • near the crown of the body

• Inferior:

  • near the soles of feet

• Cranial:

  • near the head

• Caudal:

  • near the tail

• Medial:

  • near the median plane

• Lateral:

  • away from the median plain

• Proximal:

  • Near the trunk

• Distal:

  • Away from the trunk

• Flexor surface:

  • Anterior surface of upper limb and posterior surface of lower limb

• Extensor surface:

  • Posterior surface of upper limb and anterior surface of lower limb

• Palmar:

  • anterior surface of hand

• Planter:

  • inferior surface of foot

• Superficial:

  • close to skin

• Deep:

  • Away from skin

• Ipsilateral:

  • on the same side of body

• Contralateral:

  • on the opposite sides of body

• Interior:

  • Inner part of the hollow organ

• Exterior:

  • Outer part of the hollow organ

• Invagination:

  • Inward protrusion of a viscus

• Evagination:

  • Outward protrusion of the viscus

• Ventral:

  • Towards the belly (ant)

• Dorsal:

  • Towards the back (post)

• Supine:

  • lying down with face looking anteriorly

• Prone:

  • Lying down with face looking posteriorly

Cell:

Structural unit of a multicellular organism

Tissue:

Combination of various cells performing a certain function

Organ:

Different tissues combine to form an organ

System:

Different organs combine to form a system